#include <iostream> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; int main() { const int NUM_MONTHS = 12; int days[NUM_MONTHS]; days[0] = 31; // January days[1] = 28; // February days[2] = 31; // March days[3] = 30; // April days[4] = 31; // May days[5] = 30; // June days[6] = 31; // July days[7] = 31; // August days[8] = 30; // September days[9] = 31; // October days[10] = 30; // November days[11] = 31; // December for (int month = 0; month < NUM_MONTHS; month++) { cout << "Month "<< setw (2) << (month+1) << " has "; cout << days[month] << " days.\n"; } return 0; }程序输出结果:
Month 1 has 31 days.
Month 2 has 28 days.
Month 3 has 31 days.
Month 4 has 30 days.
Month 5 has 31 days.
Month 6 has 30 days.
Month 7 has 31 days.
Month 8 has 31 days.
Month 9 has 30 days.
Month 10 has 31 days.
Month 11 has 30 days.
Month 12 has 31 days.
int days [NUM_MONTHS] = {31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30, 31};
这些值按照它们出现在列表中的顺序存储在数组元素中(第一个值 31 存储在 days[0] 中,第二个值 28 存储在 days [1] 中,等等)。图 1 显示了初始化后数组的内容。
图 1 通过初始化列表赋值后的数组内容
#include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { const int NUM_MONTHS = 12; string name[NUM_MONTHS]={ "January", "February", "March", "April", "May" , "June", "July", "August", "September", "october", "November", "December"}; int days[NUM_MONTHS] = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; for (int month = 0; month < NUM_MONTHS; month++) { cout << setw(9) << left << name[month] << " has "; cout << days [month] << " days. \n"; } return 0; }程序输出结果:
January has 31 days.
February has 28 days.
March has 31 days.
April has 30 days.
May has 31 days.
June has 30 days.
July has 31 days.
August has 31 days.
September has 30 days.
october has 31 days.
November has 30 days.
December has 31 days.
#include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { const int NUM_MONTHS = 12; int choice; string name[NUM_MONTHS]={ "January", "February", "March", "April", "May" , "June", "July", "August", "September", "october", "November", "December"}; int days[NUM_MONTHS] = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; cout << "This program will tell you how many days are "<< "in any month.\n\n"; // Display the months for (int month = 1; month <= NUM_MONTHS; month++) cout << setw (2) << month << " " << name [month-1] << endl; cout << "\nEnter the number of the month you want: "; cin >> choice; // Use the choice the user entered to get the name of // the month and its number of days from the arrays. cout << "The month of " << name [choice-1] << " has " << days[choice-1] << " days.\n"; return 0; }程序输出结果为:
This program will tell you how many days are in any month.
1 January
2 February
3 March
4 April
5 May
6 June
7 July
8 August
9 September
10 october
11 November
12 December
Enter the number of the month you want: 4
The month of April has 30 days.
string name[NUM_MONTHS+1]={" ", "January", "February", "March", "April", "May" , "June", "July", "August", "September", "october", "November", "December"}; int days[NUM_MONTHS+1] = {0, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31};注意数组元素 0 没有被使用。它只是一个虚拟的值。这样可以将一月份的名称存储在 name[1] 中,二月份的名称将存储在 name[2] 中,以此类推。同样,1 月份的天数将保存在 days[1] 元素中,2 月份的天数将保存在 days[2] 元素中,以此类推。
for (int month = 1; month <= NUM_MONTHS; month++) { cout << setw(9) << left << name[month] << " has "; cout << days[month] << " days.\n"; }如果实际数据以元素 1 开始存储,那么也不需要将数组下标加 1 来定位特定的数据。以下是列出每个月编号和名称的语句修改:
for (int month = 1; month <= NUM_MONTHS; month++) cout << setw (2) << month << " " << name [month] << endl;显示用户所选月份的天数的代码应修改为如下所示。
cout << "The month of " << name[choice] << " has "<< days [choice] << " days . \n";
int numbers[7] = {1, 2, 4, 8};
这个定义只初始化了一个7元素数组中的前 4 个元素,如图 2 所示。
图 2 数组允许部分初始化
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { const int SIZE = 7; int numbers[SIZE] = {1, 2, 4, 8}; // Initialize the first 4 elements cout << "Here are the contents of the array: \n"; for (int index = 0; index < SIZE; index++) cout << numbers [index] << " "; cout << endl; return 0; }程序输出结果:
Here are the contents of the array:
1 2 4 8 0 0 0
int numbers [7] = {1, 2, 4, 8, 3, 5, 7, 9}; //不合法
另外,如果留下了某个元素未初始化,那么该元素之后的所有元素都应该保留为未初始化。C++ 不提供跳过初始化列表中元素的方法。以下是另一个非法的例子:int numbers [7] = {1, , 4, , 3, 5, 7}; // 不合法
double ratings [] = {1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0};
注意,如果省略大小声明符,则必须指定一个初始化列表。否则,C++ 不知道该数组有多大。int value = 5;
但是,我们已经学习过使用函数、数组以及类,所以现在是时候来介绍另外两种在定义变量的同时即进行初始化的方法。int value (5);
第二种初始化变量的新方法是 C++ 11 中新引入的,使用大括号表示法。它看起来就像是刚刚上面所看到的初始化数组的方法,但是其中有两点区别:int value{5}; //该语句仅在C++ 11或更高版本中合法
绝大多数程序员会继续使用赋值运算符来初始化常规变量,本书也将如此,但是,大括号表示法提供了一项优点,它会检查用来初始化变量的值,并确保匹配变量的数据类型。例如,假设 doubleVal 是一个 double 类型变量,存储在其中的值为 6.2。则使用赋值运算符时,可以编写以下两种形式的语句之一:int valuel = 4.9; //该语句将给valuel赋值为。4 int vaule2 = doubleVal; // 该语句将给 value2 赋值为 6在这两种情况下,值的小数点部分都会被先截断,然后才赋值给被定义的变量。这虽然可能会导致一些问题,但 C++ 编译器是允许的,它也会提出警告,但却仍然能生成可执行文件,并且可以运行。不过,如果在这里使用的是大括号表示法,则编译器会指出这些语句产生了一个错误,并且不会生成可执行文件。必须先修复该错误,然后重新编译项目才能运行该程序。
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